哪些经济活动促进发明和创新？Thomas J. Sargent，2011 年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者：贸易与战争

What economic activities promote invention and innovation? During Shanghai Finance Forum 2018 jointly hosted by SAIF, CAFR and GFLF on December 15th, Thomas J. Sargent, W.R. Berkley Professor of Economics and Business at New York University and Nobel Prize laureate 2011 in Economic Sciences, revealed the answers:
1) Trade – within and across political borders; and 2) War, which is also a key driver of invention and innovation at the demand side.

在SAIF、CAFR和GFLF联合主办的2018上海金融论坛上，纽约大学伯克利教授、2011年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者Thomas J. Sargent给出了答案：
1）贸易——在政治边界内和跨政治边界；2) 战争，这也是需求方发明和创新的关键驱动力。

Tomas J. Sargent also mentioned why there are so many great innovations in human history. He believes that the source of these great innovations is precisely the connections between people in different fields and between different ideas. People exchange their ideas and supplement them on their own, for example, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), AlphaGo and machine learning.

He stated that there are many artificial factors in machine learning. Without people, it is impossible to create machine learning, which is actually a collection of ideas in many disciplines, including mathematics, statistics, computer science, economics, game theory, brain science and cognitive science. By combining all these disciplines and find out the interactions between them, machine learning is thus invented.

Tomas J. Sargent 还提到了为什么人类历史上有这么多伟大的创新。他认为，这些伟大创新的源泉，恰恰是不同领域的人之间、不同思想之间的联系。人们交流想法并自行补充，例如大数据、人工智能 (AI)、AlphaGo 和机器学习。

他表示，机器学习中有很多人为因素。没有人，就不可能创造机器学习，它实际上是许多学科的思想集合，包括数学、统计学、计算机科学、经济学、博弈论、脑科学和认知科学。通过结合所有这些学科并找出它们之间的相互作用，机器学习由此诞生。